{"id":91980,"date":"2023-08-11T12:53:21","date_gmt":"2023-08-11T12:53:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.techopedia.com\/?post_type=definition&#038;p=91980"},"modified":"2024-01-15T10:37:55","modified_gmt":"2024-01-15T10:37:55","slug":"zk-snark","status":"publish","type":"definition","link":"https:\/\/www.techopedia.com\/definition\/zk-snark","title":{"rendered":"zk-SNARK"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2><span id=\"what_is_zk-snark\">What is zk-SNARK?<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>zk-SNARK is an acronym for Zero-Knowledge Succinct Non-Interactive Argument of Knowledge, and it&#8217;s a revolutionary technology in the world of cryptography.<\/p>\n<p>Similarly to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.techopedia.com\/definition\/zero-knowledge-proof\">Zero-Knowledge proofs<\/a>, it allows one party, called the prover, to convince another, known as the verifier, that they have specific knowledge or information without revealing the actual details of that information.<\/p>\n<p>It&#8217;s like showing someone you have a key to a lock without letting them see the key itself \u2013 through zk-SNARKs, you can maintain privacy while still providing proof.<\/p>\n<p>Here&#8217;s a summary of what zk-SNARKs are all about:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Zero-Knowledge Proofs:<\/strong> The verifier can confirm the prover has the knowledge without seeing it.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Succinctness:<\/strong> The proof can be verified very quickly.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Non-Interactive:<\/strong> It requires only one message from the prover to the verifier.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Proof Construction:<\/strong> Consists of three <a href=\"https:\/\/www.techopedia.com\/definition\/3739\/algorithm\">algorithms<\/a>, G (key generator), P (prover), and V (verifier).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>This technology has wide applications in secure communications, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.techopedia.com\/definition\/1770\/cryptography\">cryptography<\/a>, and privacy-preserving data analysis.<\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"how_do_zk-snarks_work\">How Do zk-SNARKs Work?<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>To truly appreciate the elegance of zk-SNARKs, one must understand the <a href=\"https:\/\/vitalik.ca\/general\/2021\/01\/26\/snarks.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">nuances of their operation<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>They allow a new level of interaction between parties, where the proof can be succinctly presented and verified without unnecessary complexity.<\/p>\n<p>In essence, zk-SNARKs take the age-old challenge of verifying truth without revealing the substance of that truth and solve it through a meticulously constructed mathematical approach.<\/p>\n<p>The magic behind zk-SNARKs lies in their unique use of cryptographic commitments, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.techopedia.com\/definition\/30564\/elliptic-curve-cryptography-ecc\">elliptic curve pairings<\/a>, and polynomial equations.<\/p>\n<p>These components interact to enable a prover to create proof that they know certain information and a verifier to check that proof, all without exposing the underlying data.<\/p>\n<p>This profound innovation has unlocked doors to applications that were once considered infeasible, fostering a more secure and private digital landscape.<\/p>\n<p>Whether it&#8217;s in financial transactions, identity verification, or confidential agreements, zk-SNARKs are redefining the boundaries of what&#8217;s possible in secure communications.<\/p>\n<p>To understand how zk-SNARKs work, we&#8217;ll break it down into a <strong>step-by-step <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/consensys.net\/blog\/developers\/introduction-to-zk-snarks\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">process<\/a>:<\/p>\n<p>1.<strong> Key Generation (G)<\/strong>: A secret parameter lambda is used to generate two <a href=\"https:\/\/www.techopedia.com\/definition\/9021\/public-key-cryptography-pkc\">public keys<\/a>, a proving key (pk), and a verification key (vk).<br \/>\n2. <strong>Proof Creation (P):<\/strong> The prover takes the proving key (pk), a public input (x), and a private witness (w) to generate proof (prf) that the secret is known.<br \/>\n3. <strong>Verification (V):<\/strong> The verifier uses the verification key (vk) to validate the proof without ever knowing the secret itself.<\/p>\n<p>A critical aspect of zk-SNARKs is the &#8220;toxic waste&#8221; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.techopedia.com\/definition\/3826\/lambda-expression\">parameter lambda<\/a>, which must be securely discarded during the generation process. Otherwise, it could be used to create fake proofs.<\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"the_history_of_zk-snark\">The History of zk-SNARK<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The concept of zero-knowledge proofs was introduced in 1985 by Shafi Goldwasser, Silvio Micali, and Charles Rackoff.<\/p>\n<p>But it was only in 2012 that the term &#8220;zk-SNARK&#8221; came along, coined by Nir Bitansky, Ran Canetti, Alessandro Chiesa, and Eran Tromer.<\/p>\n<p>This non-interactive method paved the way for real-world applications, including:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Zcash Launch (2016):<\/strong> Zcash, a privacy-focused cryptocurrency, incorporated zk-SNARKs to enable private transactions.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Bulletproofs (2017):<\/strong> Another privacy enhancement technology that builds upon zk-SNARKs.<\/li>\n<li><strong>zk-STARK (2018):<\/strong> A transparent version of zk-SNARKs, introducing better scalability and no trusted setup.<\/li>\n<li><strong>HALO and Pickles (2019):<\/strong> Newer iterations of zk-SNARKs, further enhancing the technology.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span id=\"why_is_zk-snark_important\">Why is zk-SNARK important?<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The breakthroughs in modern cryptography have illuminated a path towards a secure and private digital world, and within this universe, zk-SNARKs shine as one of the most fascinating stars.<\/p>\n<p>By serving as a linchpin in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.techopedia.com\/7\/29803\/security\/what-is-the-difference-between-privacy-confidentiality-and-security\">privacy-preserving<\/a> technologies, zk-SNARKs are not just a theoretical concept but a practical tool that empowers businesses, governments, and individuals alike.<\/p>\n<p>They create a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/samantharadocchia\/2018\/04\/24\/why-zk-snarks-are-crucial-for-blockchain-data-privacy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">robust trust system<\/a> where verification is achieved without the need for revelation, thus acting as a vital layer in the complex mesh of security and integrity that today&#8217;s interconnected world requires.<\/p>\n<p>Let&#8217;s dive into the vast potential and real-world applications that make zk-SNARKs a crucial part of modern cryptography.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Privacy:<\/strong> They ensure <a href=\"https:\/\/www.techopedia.com\/definition\/10380\/information-privacy\">data privacy<\/a>, allowing proofs without revealing sensitive information.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Scalability:<\/strong> They provide quick verification, enabling blockchain networks to handle more transactions.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Business Intelligence Protection:<\/strong> They allow companies to transact on the blockchain without exposing sensitive business intelligence.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Identity Verification:<\/strong> They enable users to prove their identity without giving away personal data.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>These features make zk-SNARKs essential for <a href=\"https:\/\/www.techopedia.com\/an-introduction-to-blockchain-technology\/2\/32548\">blockchain technologies<\/a>, data protection, and individual privacy in the ever-connected digital world.<\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"the_bottom_line\">The Bottom Line<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>In conclusion, zk-SNARKs are more than a mouthful of an acronym. They represent a ground-breaking cryptographic technology that enables proof without exposure, privacy without compromise, and verification without time-consuming computations.<\/p>\n<p>As we tread deeper into the age of information, where data is both currency and vulnerability, technologies like zk-SNARKs become critical.<\/p>\n<p>They not only provide robust security measures but also protect the very essence of privacy and personal freedom.<\/p>\n<p>The journey of zk-SNARKs, from a theoretical concept to practical application, reflects the ongoing evolution of digital trust.<\/p>\n<p>As blockchain and other emerging technologies become increasingly prevalent, we can expect zk-SNARKs to continue playing a vital role in shaping a more secure and private digital landscape.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What is zk-SNARK? zk-SNARK is an acronym for Zero-Knowledge Succinct Non-Interactive Argument of Knowledge, and it&#8217;s a revolutionary technology in the world of cryptography. Similarly to Zero-Knowledge proofs, it allows one party, called the prover, to convince another, known as the verifier, that they have specific knowledge or information without revealing the actual details of [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":286474,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_lmt_disableupdate":"","_lmt_disable":"","om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"footnotes":""},"definitioncat":[271,272],"class_list":["post-91980","definition","type-definition","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","definitioncat-blockchain","definitioncat-cryptocurrency"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.2 (Yoast SEO v24.5) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>What is zk-SNARK? 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