{"id":10586,"date":"2012-01-25T14:02:04","date_gmt":"2012-01-25T14:02:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.techopedia.com\/definition\/fear-uncertainty-and-doubt\/"},"modified":"2024-06-18T14:05:36","modified_gmt":"2024-06-18T14:05:36","slug":"fear-uncertainty-and-doubt","status":"publish","type":"definition","link":"https:\/\/www.techopedia.com\/definition\/24572\/fear-uncertainty-and-doubt-fud","title":{"rendered":"Fear, Uncertainty, and Doubt (FUD)"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2><span id=\"what_is_fear_uncertainty_and_doubt_fud\">What is Fear, Uncertainty, and Doubt (FUD)?<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The definition of fear, uncertainty, and doubt (FUD) is the spread of negative or false information to influence perception. The aim is often to instill anxiety, creating an environment that can manipulate behavior and decision-making.<\/p>\n<p>In various contexts, such as technology, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.techopedia.com\/definition\/27531\/cryptocurrency\">cryptocurrency<\/a>, and investing, FUD can have a significant impact on markets, investor behavior, and consumer choices.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.techopedia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/2-Fear_-Uncertainty_-and-Doubt-FUD-1-300x190.jpg\" alt=\"What is Fear, Uncertainty, and Doubt (FUD)?\" width=\"1200\" height=\"760\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-263910\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.techopedia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/2-Fear_-Uncertainty_-and-Doubt-FUD-1-300x190.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.techopedia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/2-Fear_-Uncertainty_-and-Doubt-FUD-1-1024x649.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.techopedia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/2-Fear_-Uncertainty_-and-Doubt-FUD-1-768x486.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.techopedia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/2-Fear_-Uncertainty_-and-Doubt-FUD-1-1536x973.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.techopedia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/2-Fear_-Uncertainty_-and-Doubt-FUD-1-2048x1297.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/www.techopedia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/2-Fear_-Uncertainty_-and-Doubt-FUD-1-1200x760.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/www.techopedia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/2-Fear_-Uncertainty_-and-Doubt-FUD-1-1980x1254.jpg 1980w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><div class=\"su-note\"  style=\"border-color:#dddddd;border-radius:3px;-moz-border-radius:3px;-webkit-border-radius:3px;\"><div class=\"su-note-inner su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\" style=\"background-color:#F7F7F7;border-color:#ffffff;color:#333333;border-radius:3px;-moz-border-radius:3px;-webkit-border-radius:3px;\">\n<h2><span id=\"key_takeaways\">Key Takeaways<\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>FUD is an acronym for fear, uncertainty, and doubt, a tactic used to influence opinions by spreading negative or misleading information.<\/li>\n<li>FUD can create market instability and influence individual decisions by exploiting emotional responses.<\/li>\n<li>FUD is particularly common in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.techopedia.com\/top-crypto-market-trends\">cryptocurrency markets<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Understanding and recognizing FUD is crucial to making informed decisions.<\/li>\n<li>Staying informed and critical thinking are key to avoiding the negative effects of FUD.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p1\"><\/div><\/div>\n<h2><span id=\"how_fud_works\">How FUD Works<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Fear, uncertainty, and doubt works by preying on individuals&#8217; psychological vulnerabilities to create an environment that impairs rational decision-making.<\/p>\n<p>The technique is used in business to attempt to create a negative impression and opinion of a competing organization, product or market. By spreading misinformation or highlighting potential negative outcomes, those employing FUD can influence behaviors, cause market <a href=\"https:\/\/www.techopedia.com\/definition\/volatility\">volatility<\/a>, or gain a competitive advantage.<\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"origins_of_fud\">Origins of FUD<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The concept of FUD as a strategy has been around for decades, with its roots traced back to competitive business practices. It became particularly notable in the tech industry during the dotcom boom when companies used it to discredit competitors and their products.<\/p>\n<h3>FUD in Tech<\/h3>\n<p>In the technology sector, FUD has been frequently used by companies to undermine the credibility of their competitors as a result of the competitive nature of the industry and the similarity between products.<\/p>\n<p>For instance, during the 1990s, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ecis.eu\/documents\/Finalversion_Consumerchoicepaper.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Microsoft was often accused of using FUD tactics<\/a> against its rivals to maintain its market dominance. By spreading doubts about the reliability, security, or viability of competitor products, companies can influence consumer choices and discourage the adoption of alternatives. In 2004, the company got into trouble with a UK advertising standards body for claiming that the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.techopedia.com\/definition\/3390\/microsoft-windows\">Windows OS<\/a> was much cheaper than <a href=\"https:\/\/www.techopedia.com\/definition\/3512\/linux\">Linux<\/a>. The <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060129211717\/http:\/www.asa.org.uk\/asa\/adjudications\/non_broadcast\/Adjudication%2BDetails.htm?adjudication_id=38475\" target=\"_blank\">Advertising Standards Authority asked Microsoft to amend the ads<\/a>, asserting that Microsoft had not made a fair and accurate claim because of the hardware used to run the comparison.<\/p>\n<h3>FUD in Crypto<\/h3>\n<p>FUD can have a major impact on cryptocurrency prices. Negative news, rumors, or even <a href=\"https:\/\/www.techopedia.com\/definition\/4837\/social-media\">social media<\/a> posts from influential figures can lead to significant market volatility. For example, regulatory crackdowns, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.techopedia.com\/definition\/29060\/security-breach\">security breaches<\/a>, or unfavorable public statements can trigger fear among crypto investors, leading to massive sell-offs and price drops.<\/p>\n<h3>FUD in Investing<\/h3>\n<p>FUD in the investing world involves spreading pessimistic forecasts or highlighting potential risks to create uncertainty and drive market reactions. This can lead to panic selling, reduced investment, and overall market instability. Investors need to distinguish between genuine risks and FUD to protect their <a href=\"https:\/\/www.techopedia.com\/definition\/portfolio-investment\">portfolios<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"fud_vs_fomo\">FUD vs. FOMO<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.techopedia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/3-FUD-vs.-FOMO-252x300.jpg\" alt=\"FUD vs. FOMO\" width=\"1200\" height=\"1430\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-263911\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.techopedia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/3-FUD-vs.-FOMO-252x300.jpg 252w, https:\/\/www.techopedia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/3-FUD-vs.-FOMO-859x1024.jpg 859w, https:\/\/www.techopedia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/3-FUD-vs.-FOMO-768x915.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.techopedia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/3-FUD-vs.-FOMO-1289x1536.jpg 1289w, https:\/\/www.techopedia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/3-FUD-vs.-FOMO-1719x2048.jpg 1719w, https:\/\/www.techopedia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/3-FUD-vs.-FOMO-1200x1430.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/www.techopedia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/3-FUD-vs.-FOMO-1980x2359.jpg 1980w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>While FUD represents negative emotional responses to potential losses or uncertainties, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.techopedia.com\/definition\/fear-of-missing-out-fomo\">fear of missing out<\/a> (FOMO) is the anxiety that one might miss out on profitable opportunities.<\/p>\n<p>Both can heavily influence market behaviors and individual decision-making, but they operate at opposite ends of the emotional spectrum \u2013 FUD drives people away from the market, while FOMO pulls them in.<\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"when_fud_occurs\">When FUD Occurs<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>FUD can occur at any time, especially in situations where there is significant uncertainty or high stakes.<\/p>\n<p>Common scenarios include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>During product launches or updates in the tech industry.<\/li>\n<li>Amidst regulatory changes or security incidents in the crypto market.<\/li>\n<li>In response to economic reports or geopolitical events affecting investments.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span id=\"other_types_of_popular_crypto_slang\">Other Types of Popular Crypto Slang<\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\"><div class=\"su-accordion su-u-trim\">\n<p class=\"p1\"><div class=\"su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-fancy su-spoiler-icon-plus\" data-scroll-offset=\"0\" data-anchor-in-url=\"no\"><div class=\"su-spoiler-title\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"><span class=\"su-spoiler-icon\"><\/span><strong>HODL<\/strong><\/div><div class=\"su-spoiler-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.techopedia.com\/definition\/hold-on-for-dear-life-hodl\">Hold On for Dear Life<\/a> refers to holding onto assets despite volatility. <\/div><\/div>\n<p class=\"p1\"><div class=\"su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-fancy su-spoiler-icon-plus su-spoiler-closed\" data-scroll-offset=\"0\" data-anchor-in-url=\"no\"><div class=\"su-spoiler-title\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"><span class=\"su-spoiler-icon\"><\/span><strong>Whale<\/strong><\/div><div class=\"su-spoiler-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\"> An <a href=\"https:\/\/www.techopedia.com\/definition\/whale-crypto-trading\">individual or entity that holds a large amount of a cryptocurrency<\/a>. <\/div><\/div>\n<p class=\"p1\"><div class=\"su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-fancy su-spoiler-icon-plus su-spoiler-closed\" data-scroll-offset=\"0\" data-anchor-in-url=\"no\"><div class=\"su-spoiler-title\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"><span class=\"su-spoiler-icon\"><\/span><strong>Pump-and-Dump<\/strong><\/div><div class=\"su-spoiler-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\"> A <a href=\"https:\/\/www.techopedia.com\/definition\/pump-and-dump\">scheme<\/a> that inflates the price of an asset before selling off at a profit. <\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-fancy su-spoiler-icon-plus su-spoiler-closed\" data-scroll-offset=\"0\" data-anchor-in-url=\"no\"><div class=\"su-spoiler-title\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"><span class=\"su-spoiler-icon\"><\/span><strong>Mooning<\/strong><\/div><div class=\"su-spoiler-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\"> When the price of a cryptocurrency increases rapidly. <\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-fancy su-spoiler-icon-plus su-spoiler-closed\" data-scroll-offset=\"0\" data-anchor-in-url=\"no\"><div class=\"su-spoiler-title\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"><span class=\"su-spoiler-icon\"><\/span><strong>Shilling<\/strong><\/div><div class=\"su-spoiler-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\"> Promoting a cryptocurrency aggressively to push up the price. <\/div><\/div>\n<p class=\"p1\"><\/div>\n<h2><span id=\"fud_examples\">FUD Examples<\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>A technology company releases a press statement casting doubt on a competitor&#8217;s upcoming product security.<\/li>\n<li>Rumors of impending government regulations for the crypto industry cause a market-wide panic sell-off.<\/li>\n<li>A <a href=\"https:\/\/www.techopedia.com\/definition\/stock-market\">stock market<\/a> analyst publishes a pessimistic report about a company&#8217;s future performance, leading to a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.techopedia.com\/definition\/stock\">stock<\/a> price drop.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span id=\"tips_to_recognize_and_avoid_fud\">Tips to Recognize and Avoid FUD<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.techopedia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/4-Tips-to-Recognize-and-Avoid-FUD-145x300.jpg\" alt=\"Tips to Recognize and Avoid FUD\" width=\"600\" height=\"1240\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-263912\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.techopedia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/4-Tips-to-Recognize-and-Avoid-FUD-145x300.jpg 145w, https:\/\/www.techopedia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/4-Tips-to-Recognize-and-Avoid-FUD-495x1024.jpg 495w, https:\/\/www.techopedia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/4-Tips-to-Recognize-and-Avoid-FUD-768x1587.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.techopedia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/4-Tips-to-Recognize-and-Avoid-FUD-743x1536.jpg 743w, https:\/\/www.techopedia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/4-Tips-to-Recognize-and-Avoid-FUD-991x2048.jpg 991w, https:\/\/www.techopedia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/4-Tips-to-Recognize-and-Avoid-FUD-1200x2480.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/www.techopedia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/4-Tips-to-Recognize-and-Avoid-FUD-1980x4092.jpg 1980w, https:\/\/www.techopedia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/4-Tips-to-Recognize-and-Avoid-FUD-scaled.jpg 1239w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><div class=\"su-accordion su-u-trim\">\n<p class=\"p1\"><div class=\"su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-fancy su-spoiler-icon-plus\" data-scroll-offset=\"0\" data-anchor-in-url=\"no\"><div class=\"su-spoiler-title\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"><span class=\"su-spoiler-icon\"><\/span><strong>Stay informed<\/strong><\/div><div class=\"su-spoiler-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\"> Keep up to date with reliable news sources and industry reports. <\/div><\/div>\n<p class=\"p1\"><div class=\"su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-fancy su-spoiler-icon-plus su-spoiler-closed\" data-scroll-offset=\"0\" data-anchor-in-url=\"no\"><div class=\"su-spoiler-title\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"><span class=\"su-spoiler-icon\"><\/span><strong>Fact-check<\/strong><\/div><div class=\"su-spoiler-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\"> Verify information from multiple credible sources before reacting. <\/div><\/div>\n<p class=\"p1\"><div class=\"su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-fancy su-spoiler-icon-plus su-spoiler-closed\" data-scroll-offset=\"0\" data-anchor-in-url=\"no\"><div class=\"su-spoiler-title\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"><span class=\"su-spoiler-icon\"><\/span><strong>Have emotional awareness<\/strong><\/div><div class=\"su-spoiler-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\"> Recognize when fear or doubt is influencing your decisions. <\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-fancy su-spoiler-icon-plus su-spoiler-closed\" data-scroll-offset=\"0\" data-anchor-in-url=\"no\"><div class=\"su-spoiler-title\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"><span class=\"su-spoiler-icon\"><\/span><strong>Maintain critical thinking<\/strong><\/div><div class=\"su-spoiler-content su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\"> Analyze the motives behind the information being spread. <\/div><\/div>\n<p class=\"p1\"><\/div>\n<h2><span id=\"the_bottom_line\">The Bottom Line<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Understanding the meaning of fear, uncertainty, and doubt and how FUD operates is important for investors in the cryptocurrency and stock markets, as well as the technology industry.<\/p>\n<p>Recognizing and mitigating the impact of FUD can help individuals and organizations make more informed and rational decisions, avoiding the pitfalls of emotional manipulation.<\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"faqs\">FAQs<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"man_faq_sec\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/FAQPage\"><\/time><section class=\"ms_faq ms_card \" ><div itemscope itemprop=\"mainEntity\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\"><div class=\"accordionButton\"><h3 itemprop=\"name\">What is fear, uncertainty, and doubt in simple terms?<\/h3> <\/div>\n<div class=\"accordionContent\" itemscope itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\" style=\"display:none;\"><p itemprop=\"text\">Fear, uncertainty, and doubt is a tactic used to influence people&#8217;s perceptions by spreading negative, misleading, or false information.<\/p>\r\n                <\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<section class=\"ms_faq ms_card \" ><div itemscope itemprop=\"mainEntity\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\"><div class=\"accordionButton\"><h3 itemprop=\"name\">What does FUD mean in slang?<\/h3> <\/div>\n<div class=\"accordionContent\" itemscope itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\" style=\"display:none;\"><p itemprop=\"text\">In slang, FUD refers to the spread of fear, uncertainty, and doubt, often to negatively influence opinions or decisions.<\/p>\r\n                <\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<section class=\"ms_faq ms_card \" ><div itemscope itemprop=\"mainEntity\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\"><div class=\"accordionButton\"><h3 itemprop=\"name\">What is an example of FUD?<\/h3> <\/div>\n<div class=\"accordionContent\" itemscope itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\" style=\"display:none;\"><p itemprop=\"text\">An example of FUD is a rumor about a major flaw in a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.techopedia.com\/cryptocurrency\/new\">popular cryptocurrency<\/a>, leading to panic selling and a sharp price drop.<\/p>\r\n                <\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<section class=\"ms_faq ms_card \" ><div itemscope itemprop=\"mainEntity\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\"><div class=\"accordionButton\"><h3 itemprop=\"name\">What does the acronym FUD stand for?<\/h3> <\/div>\n<div class=\"accordionContent\" itemscope itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\" style=\"display:none;\"><p itemprop=\"text\">FUD stands for fear, uncertainty, and doubt.<\/p>\r\n                <\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<section class=\"ms_faq ms_card \" ><div itemscope itemprop=\"mainEntity\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\"><div class=\"accordionButton\"><h3 itemprop=\"name\">What is the relationship between doubt and fear?<\/h3> <\/div>\n<div class=\"accordionContent\" itemscope itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\" style=\"display:none;\"><p itemprop=\"text\">Doubt often accompanies fear; when people are unsure (doubt), it can lead to anxiety and concern (fear).<\/p>\r\n                <\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<section class=\"ms_faq ms_card \" ><div itemscope itemprop=\"mainEntity\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\"><div class=\"accordionButton\"><h3 itemprop=\"name\">What is FUD in crypto?<\/h3> <\/div>\n<div class=\"accordionContent\" itemscope itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\" style=\"display:none;\"><p itemprop=\"text\">In crypto, FUD refers to spreading negative or misleading information about a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.techopedia.com\/experts\/crypto-coins-vs-tokens\">coin or token<\/a> \u2013 or the industry as a whole \u2013 to create fear and uncertainty among investors, leading to market volatility.<\/p>\r\n                <\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<section class=\"ms_faq ms_card \" ><div itemscope itemprop=\"mainEntity\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\"><div class=\"accordionButton\"><h3 itemprop=\"name\">What does FUD mean in investing?<\/h3> <\/div>\n<div class=\"accordionContent\" itemscope itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\" style=\"display:none;\"><p itemprop=\"text\">In investing, FUD is a tactic used to spread pessimistic or false information about a company or its stock to create uncertainty and negatively influence investor behavior.<\/p>\r\n                <\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<div class=\"reference-content\">\n<div class=\"reference-heading reference-content-collapsible-heading\">\n<h2><span id=\"references\">References<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"reference-content-body\">\n<ol>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ecis.eu\/documents\/Finalversion_Consumerchoicepaper.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">No title found<\/a> (Ecis)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060129211717\/http:\/www.asa.org.uk\/asa\/adjudications\/non_broadcast\/Adjudication%2BDetails.htm?adjudication_id=38475\" target=\"_blank\">Advertising Standards Authority &#8211; Non-Broadcast Adjudication Details<\/a> (Web.archive)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What is Fear, Uncertainty, and Doubt (FUD)? The definition of fear, uncertainty, and doubt (FUD) is the spread of negative or false information to influence perception. The aim is often to instill anxiety, creating an environment that can manipulate behavior and decision-making. In various contexts, such as technology, cryptocurrency, and investing, FUD can have a [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":286558,"featured_media":263548,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_lmt_disableupdate":"","_lmt_disable":"","om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"footnotes":""},"definitioncat":[272],"class_list":["post-10586","definition","type-definition","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","definitioncat-cryptocurrency"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.2 (Yoast SEO v24.5) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>What is Fear, Uncertainty, and Doubt? 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